All majors are required to present their SIP at the department’s SIP colloquium.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nAll majors are required to pass the History Department’s Comprehensive Capstone Reflection.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nRequirements for the Minor in History<\/h2>\n\n\n\nNumber of Units<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAt least six units are required, not including the SIP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Required Courses<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nStudents must take a course in both of the TIME categories, in at least two different FOCUS categories, and in at least three different SPACE categories. 100-level surveys can count only toward SPACE. Each 200-level course can be counted toward two of the required categories (for example, 1 TIME and 1 FOCUS, or 1 TIME and 1 SPACE, etc.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Minors must also complete one Junior Research Seminar (HIST 390s), which does not count toward TIME, FOCUS, or SPACE categories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
History Courses<\/h2>\n\n\n\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t101<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tIntroduction to Europe I: Medieval and Early Modern Europe <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis introduction to medieval Europe takes a two-fold approach. First, it serves as a chronological introduction to the history of Europe and the Mediterranean world during the Middle Ages, from the end of the Roman Empire in the West until the late fifteenth century. Next, a thematic approach identifies key social, cultural, intellectual, political, and economic developments between 500 and 1500. Rather than learning only about kings, queens, and prelates, we will broaden our thinking about the many peoples of the pre-modern world: poor as well as rich, women as well as men, slave as well as free, Jewish and Muslim as well as Christian.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t102<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tIntroduction to Europe II: From Early Modernity to Post-Modernity, 1648-present <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course provides an overview of the major events, themes, and problems that characterized European history between the eighteenth and twenty-first centuries. We will look critically at the wars, political and economic revolutions, and new intellectual developments that shaped Europe over this period: we will also examine how nation-building, imperial expansion, decolonization, division, and unity have marked its ideological and physical landscape.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t103<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tIntroduction to East Asian Civilizations <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tSurveys of the histories of China, Japan, and Korea, with particular attention to religious, political, and social patterns. Topics include Confucianism and its influence in East Asia, China's modernization dilemma, Korea's division and its implication, Japan's rise as a major power, and importance of East Asia in world history, among others. <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t107<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tIntroduction to Jewish Traditions <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course explores the development of Judaism from its ancient origins until the present. We will discuss the biblical foundations of Judaism and the impact that different historical contexts have produced on its rituals and beliefs. This approach raises a number of questions, which we will keep in mind throughout the course: What is Judaism? Who are the Jews? What is the relationship between Judaism and \"being Jewish\"? How have historical circumstances shaped this relationship? What has changed and what has stayed the same, and why? The class will address these questions through discussions and readings.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t110<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tHistory of the United States I <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course will examine the American experience from multiple perspectives, concentrating on how Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans all helped shape American culture from the first contact of Native Americans with Europeans through the end of the Civil War in 1865. We'll look at the rich and the poor, those living in the country and in the cities, the enslaved and the free, and the immigrant and the native-born.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t111<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tHistory of the United States II <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis class provides a broad survey of American history since the Civil War. We will cover a variety of issues in this period, ranging from national and international politics to class, race, and gender relations, from economic and demographic developments to social and cultural changes.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t201<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tNative American History <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tA broad survey of the field of Native American history, spanning the full range of Native-white relations -- social, economic, cultural, political, and military -- with a focus upon the region ultimately included within the United States.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t202<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tAfrican American History to the Civil War <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course will examine African-American History from 1619 when the first Africans are documented as entering colonial Virginia to the Civil War of 1860-65. We will explore the Slave Trade, the colonial era and the ante-bellum period, examining the exploitation and resistance of both enslaved and \"free\" blacks in the US.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t204<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tAmerican Women's History to 1870 <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tAn in-depth survey of the lives of women in America from the beginning of the colonial era to 1870. Topics include: the differences of class, religion, and race in women's lives, region, work, friendships, family life, community, health and sexuality, the women's rights movement, and the impact of the American Revolution and Civil War.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t205<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tAmerican Women's History since 1870 <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tAn in-depth survey of the lives of women in America from 1870 to today. Topics include the impact of race, class, and region in women's lives, paid and unpaid labor, prostitution, family life, community, birth control, the women's rights movement, and the impact of US involvement in international wars.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t210<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tExceptional America? <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThe idea of American exceptionalism has a long and complex history. What does it mean now and what did it mean in the past to describe America as exceptional? Who has used the language of American exceptionalism over time? Who has challenged it? How has the idea of American exceptionalism served to define what and who is and is not American? How has it shaped the ways that Americans, in and out of government, have viewed and interacted with other peoples and governments? To answer these questions, this course will take a historical approach to the idea of American exceptionalism, tracing it from the earliest period of colonial settlement to the recent present.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tOpen to Sophomores only. <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t211<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tHistory of Leisure and Recreation in America <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tAn examination of the history of leisure and recreation in America from the Puritans to the present. Discussion of the importance of leisure, the rise of public amusements, spectator sports and vacations, the growth of tourism, tensions between work and leisure, and why recent Americans choose more work over more leisure.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t212<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tAmerican Environmental History <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tFocusing upon that part of North America that became the United States, this class examines the long history of the interactions of human societies and the natural world. We will trace three key issues through time: changing ideas about nature; humanity's impacts on the natural world; and the natural world's impacts on culture, broadly defined.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t213<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tUnsettling Colonial America <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course will explore the various ways individuals and groups questioned, challenged, and resisted the sources of authority in Colonial America from around 1600 through 1760. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Native Americans, indentured servants, enslaved persons, women, young people, religious groups, and others sought to change the emerging hierarchical structures of British colonial society, with varying degrees of success, by using their voices, their bodies, the courts, politics, and even violence.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t214<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tAmerican Revolution at 250 <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course examines Revolutionary America, with lectures, readings, and discussion covering issues ranging from national and international politics to class, gender, and race relations, from economic and demographic developments to culture and society. It also looks at how the Revolution has been used and remembered over the past 250 years.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t215<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tVictorianizing America and Its Challengers <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course will improve your skills as a historian as we examine how the White middle class set out to \"Victorianize\" American society as well as the resultant challenges to that project from around 1830 to around 1910. We will pay special attention to the impact of class, gender, and race on these cultural and social developments. We will also explore how many other groups-artists, workers, immigrants, radicals-responded to and often challenged the efforts and power of the middle class. Your critical thinking and writing skills will also improve through your analysis of sources in discussions, papers, and exams.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t217<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tPost-World War II America <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis broad examination of American political, social, diplomatic, economic, and cultural life in the three decades after World War II, highlights the links between foreign affairs and domestic politics and society. Topics include the Cold War, Red Scare, Civil Rights, baby boom, Vietnam War, counterculture, women's movement, and Watergate.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t218<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tAmerican Jewish Experience <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course will explore the religious, social, political, cultural, and economic history of the Jewish people in America from the first settlement until the present. The major themes of study will focus upon the development of Judaism in America. We will take into account a number of historical factors that shaped that development: the economic, social, and political evolution of American Jewry and its institutions; Jewish immigration to the United States and its consequences; American Jewish self-perception; and the relationship between Jews and non-Jews in American society. Assignments will draw upon a wide range of materials, from secondary historical studies and primary documents to fiction and film.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t219<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tSpecial Topics: U.S. <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tWhy are there minimum wage laws? What are right-to-work states? What are my rights if I get terminated from employment? If these are questions you've ever pondered then you should sign up for History 219: American Labor History. This course examines the history of a social movement that focused its efforts and activism into advocating for workers' rights in the United States, dating as far back as the demand for labor rights as colonial subjects. The development of this movement throughout the colonial, revolutionary, antebellum, post-civil war, and post-World War II eras are critical to understanding how this movement continues to impact our daily lives today. Especially recommended for anyone interested in pre-law studies!<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t225<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tGreek Civilization <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tFrom Homer to Alexander the Great with emphasis on arts and letters.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t226<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tRoman Civilization <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tFrom the foundation of the Republic to the empire of Constantine. <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t231<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tThe Plague <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course explores the bubonic plague caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis during the medieval period. Treating plague pandemics as both human and biological events, this course will explore the diverse cultural reactions to this devastating disease, its effects on labor and economic structures, its impacts on religion and community, its influences on public health policies and medicine, and its connections to modern epidemiology.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tOpen to Sophomores only <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t232<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tA History of Science, Magic, and Belief In the Pre-Modern West Europe <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis class charts the courses of science, magic, and belief in premodern Europe and the Atlantic World. It examines how alchemists, astrologers, surgeons, theologians, religious mystics, women, and peasant folk healers all played important roles in creating the foundations of contemporary Western scientific and medicinal understandings. Further, it explores the scientific revolutions of the experiential Caribbean as Indigenous, African, and Iberian peoples created a new world of natural knowledge.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t233<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tChristians, Muslims, & Jews in the Mediterranean World <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course examines social, cultural, political, and economic interactions among the cultures of the Mediterranean World between 500 C.E and 1500 C.E. Rather than offering a chronological overview, this course explores multiple perspectives on cross-cultural contact, conflict, and exchange. We examine specific geographic areas of contact - the Crusader States, medieval Iberia - as well as more fleeting encounters through travel and trade. <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t237<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tThe Inquisitions <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course will include an overview of the Medieval inquisition and how the Spanish Inquisition mirrored and diverged from its predecessor. We will examine the founding of each Inquisition and its modus operandi, its bureaucratic reach throughout Europe, and across the Atlantic to the Americas, its creation of racial hierarchy, and its impact on legal processes. Through an examination of primary sources including trial documents, edicts, letters and contemporary reports, we will consider the crimes and people these Inquisitions prosecuted (and persecuted), and the resistance to this suppression. We will explore its influence on religion and society, impact on the colonies in the \"New World\" and the negative criticisms it drew from contemporaries, fueling anti-Catholic rhetoric and anti-Spanish bias. Our course will conclude with the debate on the Inquisition and its role in race-thinking and the making of modernity.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t238<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tGender and Sexuality in Pre-Modern Europe <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tPart social history, part cultural history, this course examines gender and sexuality in medieval and early modern Europe, particularly the ways in which perceptions of gender difference were used to construct political and social relationships. The course is organized thematically rather than chronologically, and topics include medicine, marriage, prostitution, gender and state-building, and same-sex relations.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t239<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tSpecial Topics in Early European History <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course will focus upon a topic in early European history that is not addressed in the department's regular offerings. The course can be repeated with a different topic.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t242<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tEnlightenment and Its Legacies <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course serves both as an introduction to some key questions that characterize intellectual and cultural history and to the intellectual developments that shaped European culture, society, and political life between 1650 and 1850. We will analyze the intellectual tensions that defined this era - between, for example, traditionalism and progress, reason and the unconscious, freedom and authority, hierarchy and equality, and the individual and society. We will consider the historical context in which these intellectual tensions emerged and consider how they spread. We will thus be reflecting critically on the relationship between philosophical ideas, artistic expression, social structures, and political movements.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t244<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tFrench Revolution and Napoleon <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course examines the transnational and global history of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire. We will begin by examining French Old Regime culture, society, and government before turning to the revolutionary challenge to that order. We'll follow France's political, social, intellectual, and cultural shifts as it moved from an absolute monarchy, to a constitutional monarchy, to a democratic republic, to an authoritarian state, to an oligarchic republic, and ultimately to the Napoleonic Empire. At the same time, we'll also be looking at the ways in which the Revolution transformed society, culture, and politics outside of France: both across Europe and overseas, especially in Haiti.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t246<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tGender and Sexuality in 19th Century Europe <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course is an introduction to the history of gender and sexuality in nineteenth-century Europe and its empires. It is organized roughly chronologically, but its approach is primarily thematic. We will consider how gender norms were constructed by philosophical, political, racial, and scientific thinking over the nineteenth century, and we will reflect on how individuals both conformed to and defied those norms in their individual lives. We will also examine nineteenth century beliefs about sex and sexuality and look at how those beliefs structured relationships within and across gendered lines.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t252<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tUrban Histories of Colonialism: New Orleans, Algiers, & Paris, 1690-2000 <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course serves as an introduction to both urban history and to the history of French colonialism, anti-colonial movements, and their legacies in the modern world. We will explore three case studies located in distinct parts of the French empire at different historical moments: New Orleans, Algiers, and Paris. We will consider how military conflict, violence, slavery, settler colonialism, religious practices and institutions, trade, concerns about deviance and crime, economic inequality, ideas about science, hygiene, and modernity, racism, and resistance to imperial rule shaped the urban landscape of these cities and led to different kinds of cross-cultural encounters within them. The class also serves as an introduction to digital humanities tools, asking students to create research-based Story Maps to illuminate an aspect of these cities' colonial or post-colonial history. No digital humanities experience required.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t254<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tHistory, Memory, and Identity in Modern Europe <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course will explore historical memory's role in shaping twentieth-century European politics and identities. We will begin by exploring theoretical approaches to the study of individual and collective memory. We will then turn to case studies that have shaped European memory culture, including World Wars I and II, the Holocaust, European imperialism, and the collapse of the USSR. Along the way, we will explore different \"sites\" of memory such as monuments, museums, memoirs, novels, and films. We will also discuss the relationship between collective memory and collective forgetting.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t256<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tMigrants, Nations, and Empires In Modern Europe <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis class explores the history of migration in and outside of Europe between 1850 and the early 2000s and considers how that history intersected with the history of nationalism and imperialism in Modern Europe. We'll reflect on the experiences of migrants and refugees at different historical moments; we'll also consider how people on the move were shaped by and challenged national and imperial borders. And finally, we will consider how migration affected ideas about belonging, citizenship, and human rights in a variety of European countries. Prerequisite: Sophomores Only<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tOpen to Sophomores only. <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t259<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tSpecial Topics in Modern European History <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course will focus upon a topic in early European history that is not addressed in the department's regular offerings. The course can be repeated with a different topic.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t263<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tJews in a Changing Europe, 1750-1880 <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tBetween 1780 and 1880 enormous changes took place in Jewish religious, political, social, intellectual, and economic life. These changes worked in tandem with developments in general European life to create new forces within Judaism and new ways of looking at the connections between Jews. In this course, we will study these developments as they affected the Jews on the European continent. In so doing, we will explore their consequences for both Jews and non-Jews, and the issues and questions they raised. <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t
HIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t264<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tJewish Revolutions: 1881-1967 <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tBetween 1881 and the period immediately following the Second World War, the world's Jews experienced momentous demographic, religious, political, economic, and social changes. These changes in turn shaped their relationship to non-Jews with whom they lived. This course will study the context of change across the globe from Europe and America to the Middle East and North Africa. Through primary and secondary documents, we will explore the forces that produced these changes and the results they produced for both Jews and non-Jews.<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\tHIST<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t267<\/span>\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tWomen and Judaism <\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tThis course explores the religious and social position women have historically occupied in Jewish society. We will discuss religious practice and theological beliefs as well as social and economic developments as a means of addressing questions such as: What role have women played in Jewish tradition? How are they viewed by Jewish law? How has their status changed in different historical contexts, and why might those changes have taken place? What are contemporary ideas about the status of Jewish women, and how have these ideas influenced contemporary Jewish practices and communal relations? What do the historical and religious experiences of Jewish women teach us about the way that Judaism has developed?<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>