SAMPLE COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

19th-Century Philosophy: From Kant to Nietzsche

 

  • How have philosophers argued that German idealism is Eurocentric? Do you find such arguments convincing?
  • How does Kant account for the moral worth of an action, and what is Schiller’s argument against it?
  • What is Kant’s account of aesthetic contemplation, and how does Schiller use it to critique Kant’s account of freedom?
  • What is Schiller’s moral psychology (life drive, form drive, and play drive), and how does he use it to reject Kant’s distinction between theoretical and practical rationality?
  • For Kant, what role do feelings and desires play in moral self-determination? Is Schiller’s account of an aesthetic education (Bildung) an acceptance or rejection of Kant’s model of moral development?
  • What is Kant’s famous “Epistemological Restriction” – his “denial of knowledge to make room for faith” – and how does Hegel argue against it?
  • Kant claims that “It must be possible for the ‘I think’ to accompany all my representations; for otherwise something would be represented in me which could not be thought at all, and that is equivalent to saying that the representation would be impossible, or at least would be nothing to me (B 131f.). How does Hegel argue against Kant’s thesis that this “transcendental unity of apperception” thesis is the highest principle of knowledge”?
  • How does Fichte argue against Kant’s distinction between theoretical and practical rationality?
  • How does Hegel appropriate Fichte’s “original insight” into the primacy of practical rationality to argue against Kant’s epistemological restriction?
  • How would Hegel argue against Schiller’s aesthetic model of a moral education?
  • How does Hegel’s understanding of concepts differ from Kant’s?
  • How does Hegel’s understanding of intuitions differ from Kant’s?
  • How does Hegel’s understanding of feeling and desire differ from Kant’s?
  • What is Hegel’s theory of moral development, and how does this ”Phenomenology of spirit” challenge Kant’s understanding of feeling and desire?
  • What is Kierkegaard’s critique of the present age – his critique of modernity – and what alternative conceptualization of human selfhood does he suggest as remedy?
  • How does Kierkegaard, under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio, argue against Hegel’s model of human development?
  • What is a defining relation, and how might such a concept of interpersonal relations be used to critique teleological and deontological conceptions of human bonds?
  • Is Johannes de Silentio’s call for a “teleological suspension of the ethical” a call for immoral actions? If not, explain how it might be incorporated into an account of moral self-determination.
  • What is Kohlberg’s account of moral development, and how does Gilligan argue against it? How would Schiller view this debate?
  • What is Kohlberg’s account of moral development, and how does Gilligan argue against it? How How does Nietzsche argue against Kant’s account of freedom?
  • What is Kohlberg’s account of moral development, and how does Gilligan argue against it? How would Kierkegaard view this debate?
  • How does Hegel argue against Kant’s account of freedom?
  • How does Kierkegaard argue against Kant’s account of freedom?
  • How does Nietzsche argue against Kant’s account of freedom?
  • In The Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche famously claims that Kant’s categorical imperative reeks of “torture.” First, explain what Nietzsche means in saying this, and show how if works as a powerful attack upon Kant’s theory of action.
  • How does Judith Butler appropriate Nietzsche’s account of freedom, and how does she use this account of criticize contemporary heterosexuality?
  • How does Judith Butler argue Kant’s account of moral self-determination?
  • Explain how Nietzsche’s account of forgetfulness questions the fundamental assumption of Kant’s epistemology: namely, his thesis of the “transcendental unity of apperception.”
  • What type of inquiry does Nietzsche propose in his Genealogy of Morals and Beyond Good and Evil, and how does it stand to the type of inquiry Hegel proposes in his Phenomenology of Spirit?
  • What, according to Terry Pinkard, is the “Kantian paradox,” and how does Schiller, in effect, attempt to resolve it?
  • What, according to Terry Pinkard, is the “Kantian paradox,” and how does Hegel, in effect, attempt to resolve it?
  • What, according to Terry Pinkard, is the “Kantian paradox,” and how does Kierkegaard, in effect, attempt to resolve it?
  • What, according to Terry Pinkard, is the “Kantian paradox,” and how does Nietzsche, in effect, attempt to resolve it?
  • What, according to Terry Pinkard, is the “Kantian paradox,” and does Judith Bulter’s alternative account of emancipation exacerbate or resolve it?
  • What is the significance of Hegel’s famous master/slave “struggle for recognition” for our understanding of human freedom? Do you find contemporary critique of Hegel’s views convincing?